SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
Photovoltaic(PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current
electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaic include mono crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride,
and copper indium gallium sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energy sources, the
manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaic include mono crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride,
and copper indium gallium sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energy sources, the
manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
Solar photovoltaic have long been argued to be a sustainable energy source. By the end of 2011, a total
of 67.4 GW had been installed, sufficient to generate 85 TWh/year.And by end of 2012, the 100 GW installed capacity milestone was achieved. Solar photovoltaic is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaic or simply rooftop)
.
Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the photovoltaic has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured, and the levelheaded cost of electricity
(LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions.Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity,have supported solar PV installations in many countries.[5With current technology, photovoltaic recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 1 to 4 years.
Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
Utility-scale solar photovoltaic technologies convert energy from sunlight directly into electricity, using larg
e arrays of solar panels.
Solar photovoltaic technologies convert solar energy into useful energy forms by directly absorbing solar
photons—particles of light that act as individual units of energy—and either converting part of the energy to electricity (as in a photovoltaic (PV) cell) or storing part of the energy in a chemical reaction
(as in the conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen).
Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the photovoltaic has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured, and the levelheaded cost of electricity
(LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions.Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity,have supported solar PV installations in many countries.[5With current technology, photovoltaic recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 1 to 4 years.
Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
Utility-scale solar photovoltaic technologies convert energy from sunlight directly into electricity, using larg
e arrays of solar panels.
Solar photovoltaic technologies convert solar energy into useful energy forms by directly absorbing solar
photons—particles of light that act as individual units of energy—and either converting part of the energy to electricity (as in a photovoltaic (PV) cell) or storing part of the energy in a chemical reaction
(as in the conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen).
Solar Cells
Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are made of layers of semiconductor materials similar to those used in computer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials,he solar energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. A brief animation titled "Sunlight to Electricity" that shows how a solar cell works is available on the Animations page of the Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Web site.
Solar Arrays
Solar cells are generally very small, and each one may only be capable of generating a few watts of electricity.
They are typically combined into modules of about 40 cells; the modules are in turn assembled into PV arrays up
to several meters on a side. These flat-plate PV arrays can be mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they can
be mounted on a tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture more sunlight. For utility-scale
electricity generating applications, hundreds of arrays are interconnected to form a single, large system.
Concentrated PV (CPV) Systems
Concentrated PV (CPV) systems concentrate sunlight on solar cells, greatly increasing the efficiency of the cells.
The PV cells in a CPV system are built into concentrating collectors that use a lens or mirrors to focus the
sunlight onto the cells. CPV systems must track the sun to keep the light focused on the PV cells. The primary
advantages of CPV systems are high efficiency, low system cost, and low capital investment to facilitate rapid
scale-up; the systems use less expensive semiconducting PV material to achieve a specified electrical output.
Reliability, however, is an important technical challenge for this emerging technological approach; the systems
generally require highly sophisticated tracking devices.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies
The Solar Energy Development PEIS will also consider environmental impacts associated with concentrating solar
power (CSP) technologies; see the Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies page to learn more.
Solar PV – Pros & Cons of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
The term solar PV (photovoltaic) refers to an array of cells containing a solar photovoltaic material that converts
solar radiation into direct current electricity.
Photovoltaic research and development has been upped in recent years as the technology is considered a leading
renewable consumer energy source.
In fact, reports claim photovoltaic production has doubled every two years since 2002 making it the world’s
fastest-growing solar power and energy technology as a whole.
How do Solar PV systems work?
Solar PV systems work by converting light into electrical power. This is achieved using a thin layer of
semi-conducting material, most commonly silicon, enclosed in a glass or plastic casing. These can range in size with small versions used on watches and calculators to a system of hundreds of square metres of solar PV panels linked up to make an array to power large buildings.When exposed to sunlight the semi-conducting material causes electrons in the materials’ atoms to b knocked loose.The electrons that are knocked loose then flow through the material to produce an electric current known as a irect current (DC). The direct current is carried through wiring to an inverter which converts the current to alternating current (AC) so it can be connected to your property’s main electricity distribution board which either used within the home or fed back into the national grid.
Solar cells are generally very small, and each one may only be capable of generating a few watts of electricity.
They are typically combined into modules of about 40 cells; the modules are in turn assembled into PV arrays up
to several meters on a side. These flat-plate PV arrays can be mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they can
be mounted on a tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture more sunlight. For utility-scale
electricity generating applications, hundreds of arrays are interconnected to form a single, large system.
Concentrated PV (CPV) Systems
Concentrated PV (CPV) systems concentrate sunlight on solar cells, greatly increasing the efficiency of the cells.
The PV cells in a CPV system are built into concentrating collectors that use a lens or mirrors to focus the
sunlight onto the cells. CPV systems must track the sun to keep the light focused on the PV cells. The primary
advantages of CPV systems are high efficiency, low system cost, and low capital investment to facilitate rapid
scale-up; the systems use less expensive semiconducting PV material to achieve a specified electrical output.
Reliability, however, is an important technical challenge for this emerging technological approach; the systems
generally require highly sophisticated tracking devices.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies
The Solar Energy Development PEIS will also consider environmental impacts associated with concentrating solar
power (CSP) technologies; see the Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies page to learn more.
Solar PV – Pros & Cons of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
The term solar PV (photovoltaic) refers to an array of cells containing a solar photovoltaic material that converts
solar radiation into direct current electricity.
Photovoltaic research and development has been upped in recent years as the technology is considered a leading
renewable consumer energy source.
In fact, reports claim photovoltaic production has doubled every two years since 2002 making it the world’s
fastest-growing solar power and energy technology as a whole.
How do Solar PV systems work?
Solar PV systems work by converting light into electrical power. This is achieved using a thin layer of
semi-conducting material, most commonly silicon, enclosed in a glass or plastic casing. These can range in size with small versions used on watches and calculators to a system of hundreds of square metres of solar PV panels linked up to make an array to power large buildings.When exposed to sunlight the semi-conducting material causes electrons in the materials’ atoms to b knocked loose.The electrons that are knocked loose then flow through the material to produce an electric current known as a irect current (DC). The direct current is carried through wiring to an inverter which converts the current to alternating current (AC) so it can be connected to your property’s main electricity distribution board which either used within the home or fed back into the national grid.
Pros
You can benefit from the Governments feed-in tariff which pays a set rate per kWh of electricity generated and an additional rate for any exported back to the national grid.
The feed-in tariff is guaranteed by the Government for 20 years.
Panels designed for European countries generate power even on cloudy days, they simply need light to produce electricity.
Clean energy means you reduce your carbon emissions by up to 1 tonne per annum.
Producing your own power protects against rising energy prices.
Cons
- A large area of unshaded south, south-west or south-east facing roof is required to maiximise payback. Smaller systems can be installed but payback will be longer.
- Panels degrade over time by approximately 20% over 25 years, this however is taken into account in most reputable suppliers calculations.
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